EUROPA    AFRICA   AMÉRICA    ÁSIA   OCEANIA                     

Written by Marco Ramerini.

AFRICA  (1415-1800)

Spanish Africa:

Ceuta:  

Morocco:

Alcacer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir):   (35°51'N - 05°34'W)   

Arzila (Asilah):  (35°28'N - 06°02'W)    

Safim (Safi): (32°18'N - 09°14'W) Castelo do Mar, Castelejo.      

Graciosa (Graciosa Island near Larache): (35°12'N - 06°09'W)  Fortaleza Graciosa   

Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir-Taddert Ougadir): (30°27'N - 09°39'W)  Fortaleza Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué    

Mogador (Essaouira): (31°31'N - 09°46'W)  Castelo Real  

Aguz (Souira Guedima): (32°02'N - 09°21'W)  Castelo de Aguz       (South of Safi at the mouth of Tensift River)

Azamor (Azemmour):  (33°18'N - 08°21'W) 

Mazagão (El Jadida):  (33°15'N - 08°31'W)  

Mamora (Mehdiya ?):  (34°15'N - 06°41'W)     

D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema  Lisboa

Seinal (near Alcacer Ceguer):  (35°51'N - 05°34'W)  

   4 Apr. 1549 - June 1550 (attempt to build a fortress on the mountain which dominated Alcacer)    deserted

E. Sanceau "Castelos em Africa" Liv. Civilizaçao 1961 Porto.

D. Lopes "A Expansao em Marrocos" Teorema  Lisboa

Rio de Ouro (Ad Dakhla ?): (23°33'N - 16°01'W)

   1440s. on a little island of this river the Infante D. Henrique "the Navigator" built a tower.The tower was perhaps built in one of the 3 islands at the entrance of Ad Dakhla (Angra dos Cavalos ).

(In accordance with Valentim Fernandes "Descripçam de Cepta por sua costa de Mauritania e Ethiopia......scripto no anno de 1507") 

Mauritania:

Arguim (Arguin island):  (20°36'N - 16°27'W)   Castello de Arguim    

  1445 feitoria, 1455/1461 fort - 5 Feb. 1633 

   to Netherland    

(T. Monod "L'Ila d'Arguin: essai historique" IICT & CECA 1983 Lisboa.)

Ouadan, Uadem, Audem or Wadan (Ouadane):  (20°56' N -11°37' W)   

  1487circa   feitoria   

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"  

In 1488 or 1490, the Portuguese did an attempt to built a fort at the mouth of the Senegal River, this attempt ended in a failure.

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"

In 16th. c. several settlements of Portuguese Lançados (mixed race) were founded along the Senegal shore in: Joal (14°11'N - 16°51'W), Portudal (14°26'N - 17°01'W), Rio Fresco, Beziguiche (Gambia ?), Cantor (Kuntaur (13°40'N - 14°53'W), Gambia) and Cassan (Gambia).

         fort

Boulegue, J. "L'impact economique et politique des navigations portugaises sur les peuples cotiers. Le cas de la Guinee du Cap Vert (XV-XVI siecles)"

Almada, A. A.  "Tratado breve dos rios da Guiné"

Bissau:   Fortaleza de São José de Amura (1696)  

          1696 - 1974

Bolama:  

        1470 ? settlement, 1585/87/88  wooden fort - 1974

In 16th. c. several settlements of Portuguese Lançados (mixed race) were founded along the Rio Cacheu (or Rio Farim) and Rio Geba (or Rio Grande).

Under Joao II (1481-1495), the Portuguese attempted to build a fort six leagues beyond Mellakory River in Sierra Leone on Rio Bitonbo.
"Two leagues above the mouth of the Rio Bintonbo is a village called Tanguarim and three leagues farther up the King Joao II had ordered to be built a fortress. The King later ordered to be pulled down the fortress."

(From Blake "European in West Africa 1450-1560")

A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and forts of West Africa" : abandoned within a few years.

Castelo da Mina (Elmina): (05°05'N - 01°21'W) Fortaleza de São Jorge da Mina de Ouro (1482)    

A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and forts of West Africa" Jonathan Cape 1963 London.

Ch. R. Boxer "The Dutch in Brazil 1624-1657" Claredon Press 1957 Oxford.

J. Vogt "Portuguese rule on the Gold Coast 1469-1682" Univ. of Georgia Press 1979 Athens.

Axim:  (04°52'N - 02°15'W) Forte de Santo Antonio de Axim (1503)         

   1557- 1576/77/78   destroyed by the natives.

Chama (Shama): (05°00'N - 01°39'W) Forte de São Sebastiao or San Sebastian  

   1526*/1555 lodge, 1558 fortified house - 1637 **

* Ephson  "Ancient forts and castles of the Gold Coast (Ghana)": give the date 1526 for the first lodge.

Goslinga   "The Dutch in the Caribbean and in the Guianas 1680 - 1791"  p.46    ** 1640

Duma (Egwira):  (05°02'N - 02°12'W) (at the confluence of Ankobra and Duma rivers)  Forte Duma  

Ephson, I. S.  "Ancient forts and castles of the Gold Coast (Ghana)"

The ruins of this fort were seen in 1653 by a Dutch expedition. (A.R.A. Aanwisten 1898, Journal de Louis Dammaerts)

Accra-Osu, Christiansborg: Forte de São Francisco Xavier 

   the Portuguese, in 1640 built a lodge in Accra called Ursu lodge, this lodge was lost in 1645. According to:  Ephson, I. S.  "Ancient forts and castles of the Gold Coast (Ghana)"

   Dec. 1680 - 29 Aug. 1682    deserted

Benin:

Ajudá (Glehoué, Ouidah or Whydah): (06°21'N - 02°05'E)   Forte São Joao Baptista de Ajuda  

Van Dantzig "Les Hollandais sur la Cote de Guinee a l' epoque de l'essor de l'Ashanti at du Dahomey 1680-1740"

Jaquin (Godomey):   (06°23'N - 02°21'E)

Van Dantzig "Les Hollandais sur la Cote de Guinee a l' epoque de l'essor de l'Ashanti at du Dahomey 1680-1740"

Nigeria:

     1485/86  feitoria - 1507/8/1520s.

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" 

Blake "European in West Africa 1450-1560"

A. W. Lawrence "Trade castles and forts of West Africa"

Ano Bom (Annobon or Pagalu island):                  

11 Mar. 1778 Tratado do Pardo: cedencia das ilhas de Fernando Po e Ano Bom à Espanha.

Ayene (Guinea Ecuatorial):  (01°06'N - 09°44'E)

   fort ?

Fernando Pó (Bioko island):

   fort (forte portugues)

(p. 93 Cunha Matos "Corografia Historica das Ilhas de S. Tomé e Principe, Ano Bom e Fernando Pò" Sao Tomé, 1916)

  to Spain (Dec. 1779 - 30 Oct. 1780) abandoned

  to Spain

11 Mar. 1778 Tratado do Pardo: cedencia das ilhas de Fernando Po e Ano Bom à Espanha.

São Tomé island:   Forte de São Sebastiao, Forte São Joao, Forte de São Jeronimo.

    1485 first colonization - 18 Oct. 1599

    to the Netherlands  (18 Oct. 1599 - 20 Oct. 1599)

   20 Oct. 1599 - 3 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the town (16 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the fort)

      to the Netherlands   (3 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the town, 16 Oct. 1641 the Dutch occupied the fort - 13 November 1642 the Portuguese took the town (15 December 1644 the Portuguese took the fort)

* During the period between 1644 - 9 January 1649 the Dutch had a factory in Sao Tomé.

     On 13 November 1642 the Portuguese took the town (15 December 1644 the Portuguese took the fort) - 1974

Garfield  "A history of Sao Tomé Island 1470 - 1655, the key to Guinea"

Principe island:    Fortaleza de Santo Antonio da Ponta da Mina (1695 ?), Reducto Nossa Sennhora da Nazareth, Bateria de São Joao, Fortaleza de Santa Ana.       

           to France    (1706 -  ?  )

                            - 1974

Pereira de Melo "A Fortaleza da Santo Antonio da Ponta da Mina na Ilha do Principe"

São Salvador do Congo (M'banza Congo):   (6°16'S - 14°15'E)

   From 1500s. Portuguese protectorate.

São Paulo de Luanda or Loanda (Luanda):  (08°49'S - 13°14'E)   Fortaleza de São Miguel or do Morro (Dutch: Fort Aardenburgh), Forte Guia, Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra (17th c.), Forte St. Antonio, Forte São Francisco da Penedo (17th c.).  

   to Netherland     (26 Aug. 1641- 21/24 Aug. 1648)             

Boxer "Salvador de Sa and the struggle for Brazil and Angola 1602-1686"            

Benguela a Velha:

Studia N° 33  "O regimento do fundador de Benguela..."   

Massangano:   (09°38'S - 14°14'E)   

Muxima:     (09°32S - 13°57'E)   

Ambaca (N'Dalatando ?):    (09°18'S - 14°55'E) ?   

Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo"            

São Felipe (Filipe) de Benguela: (15°35'S - 13°24'E)     Fortaleza de São Felipe de Benguela                 

Studia N° 33  "O regimento do fundador de Benguela..."    

Ambuila (Uige):    (07°37'S - 15°03'E)

Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo"

Beja:  (09°47'S - 15°12'E)

Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo"

       1625  market

Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo"

      1627  market  

Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo"

Pungo Andongo: (09°39'S - 15°36'E)   (Fortaleza das Pedras de Pungo Andongo) 

Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo"

Pinda:  (06°12'S - 12°24'E)  (at the mouth of the Congo River) 

Ensandeira island:   (09°20S - 13°10'E) (at the mouth of the Kwanza)

Boxer "Salvador de Sa and the struggle for Brazil and Angola 1602-1686"  

São José de Encoge (Encoje):   (07°39'S - 14°41'E)  Forte São José  de Encoge (1759)  

(Randles "L'ancien Royaume du Congo")       

   fort ?

Alva Nova (Sa da Bandeira, Lubango): (14°55'S - 13°29'E)

   1769  settlement -

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" 

  1769  settlement -

Cacanje or Cassange:  (09°55'S - 18°17E) ?

  1770s.  settlement -

   1770s.  settlement -

Cabinda:  (05°33'S - 12°11'E)

   1783 - June 1784  (attempt to build a fort)  

   1786 - 1974

Quicombo: (11°19'S - 13°49E)

   Fort ?

Sofala:  (20°10'S - 34°44'E)      Forte São Caetano    square shaped fortress with four bastions.

Moçambique:  (15°02'S - 40°44'E)  Fortaleza de São Gabriel or Fortaleza Velha (1507), Fortaleza or Castelo de São Sebastiao (1558), Forte S. Antonio, Forte São Lourenço (Ilha de São Lourenço).  

Quelimane:  (17°53'S - 36°53'E)   

     1530s. ?  or 1680s ? - 1974

Sena (Vila de Sena):  (17°27'S - 35°02'E)   Forte São Marçal    

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"

Pearson "Port cities and intruders"

Danvers "Portuguese in India"  

Tete: (16°10'S - 33°35'E) Forte Santiago Major de Tete  

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"

Pearson "Port cities and intruders"  

Chicova: (15°47'S - 32°25'E)  Forte São Miguel  

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" 

Zumbo:   (15°37'S - 30°27'E)    

Ilhas Querimba:

Inhambane:     (23°52'S - 35°23'E) 

Welch "Portuguese and Dutch in South Africa"

Ibo: (12°20'S - 40°35'E)  Forte São Joao Baptista, Forte S. Antonio, Forte S. José.  

   1791- 1974

Maputo (Lourenço Marques): (28°58'S - 32°34'E)     Fortaleza de Nossa Senhora da Conceiçao 

   1799 - 1974

Others settlements were in: Luabo, Gombo.

In 17 th. c. besides Sena and Tete, the chief outpost were in the direction of the Mazoe valley: at Matuca, Champanbura, Vumba, Dambarere, Massaluna or Matafuna, Chipriviri, Luanze, Fura, Ongwe, Kitamburvisi, Bocuto, Massapa, Manica, and the Zimbawe itself. In each of these places there was a chapel, at least one priest, an annual fair and a fort; if only a field fortress. At the end of 17th. c. the Portuguese were expelled from this region.

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa"

Pearson "Port cities and intruders" 

Butua region: in 1644 several forts were built in this region, a few years later these forts were quitted.

Maria E. Madeira Santos "Viagens de exploraçao terrestre dos portugueses em Africa" 

Santa Luzia (Sainte Luce): (24°58'S - 47°03'E) (near the mouth of Vinanibe River)

  At the beginning of the 16 th. (1500s. - 1535 ?)   (settlement and fort built by Portuguese shipwrecked sailors)

Leitao U.  "Os dois descobrimentos da Ilha de Sao Lourenço....."

Quiloa or Quíloa (Kilwa Kisiwani): (08°58'S - 39°31'E) Fortaleza de Santiago  

Boxer - Azevedo "Os Portugueses em Mombaça"

Pearson "Port cities and intruders" 

Zanzibar:   (06°10'S - 39°12'E)  

   fortified feitoria  (fort ?)

Boxer - Azevedo "Os Portugueses em Mombaça"

Pearson "Port cities and intruders" 

Pemba island:   (05°11'S - 39°55'E)    

Boxer - Azevedo "Os Portugueses em Mombaça"

Mafia island:    (07°54'S - 39°41'E)   

Boxer - Azevedo "Os Portugueses em Mombaça"

Malinde (Malindi):  (03°13'S - 40°07'E)   

Mombasa:  (04°03'S - 39°40'E)      Fortaleza de Jesus (1593), Forte de São Joseph, Fortim da Ponta Restinga, Forte do Sorgidouro, Fortes da Macupa (three forts).  

Boxer - Azevedo "Os Portugueses em Mombaça"

Kirkman "Fort Jesus"

Faza:  (02°03'S - 41°07'E)   

  fortified feitoria

  fortified feitoria  

         alfandega (customs house)  1633-1645

Lamu:    (02°17'S - 40°57'E)   

   feitoria

Boxer - Azevedo "Os Portugueses em Mombaça"

One of the earliest Europeans to see Lalibela was the Portuguese priest Francisco Álvares

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